Systemic Lupus红斑(SLE)是一种罕见的自身免疫疾病,其特征是令人无法预测的耀斑和缓解的速度,具有不同的表现形式。狼疮性肾炎,SLE用于器官损伤和死亡率的主要疾病表现之一,是卢布斯分类标准的关键组成部分。因此,准确地鉴定电子健康记录(EHRS)中的狼疮性肾炎将使大型队列观察研究和临床试验有益于患者人口的表征对于招聘,研究设计和分析至关重要。可以通过程序代码和结构化数据来认可狼疮肾炎,例如实验室测试。然而,记录狼疮肾炎的其他关键信息,例如来自肾脏活检和先前的医学史叙事的组织学报告,需要复杂的文本处理,以从病理报告和临床笔记中挖掘信息。在这项研究中,我们开发了使用EHR数据识别鉴定狼疮肾炎的血管肾炎,而不使用自然语言处理(NLP)。我们开发了四种算法:仅使用结构化数据(基线算法)和使用不同NLP模型的三种算法的规则的算法。这三种NLP模型基于正则化逻辑回归,并使用不同的特征集,包括积极提及概念独特标识符(Cue),耐备的外观数量,以及三个部件的混合物。基线算法和最佳执行的NLP算法在Vanderbilt University Center(VUMC)的数据集上验证了外部验证。我们最佳地执行来自结构化数据,正则表达式概念和映射的特征的NLP模型,与基线狼疮性肾炎算法相比,在NMEDW(0.41 VS 0.79)和VUMC(0.62 VS 0.96)数据集中有所改善。
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Recent times have witnessed an increasing number of applications of deep neural networks towards solving tasks that require superior cognitive abilities, e.g., playing Go, generating art, question answering (such as ChatGPT), etc. Such a dramatic progress raises the question: how generalizable are neural networks in solving problems that demand broad skills? To answer this question, we propose SMART: a Simple Multimodal Algorithmic Reasoning Task and the associated SMART-101 dataset, for evaluating the abstraction, deduction, and generalization abilities of neural networks in solving visuo-linguistic puzzles designed specifically for children in the 6-8 age group. Our dataset consists of 101 unique puzzles; each puzzle comprises a picture and a question, and their solution needs a mix of several elementary skills, including arithmetic, algebra, and spatial reasoning, among others. To scale our dataset towards training deep neural networks, we programmatically generate entirely new instances for each puzzle while retaining their solution algorithm. To benchmark the performance on the SMART-101 dataset, we propose a vision and language meta-learning model using varied state-of-the-art backbone neural networks. Our experiments reveal that while powerful deep models offer reasonable performances on puzzles that they are trained on, they are not better than random accuracy when analyzed for generalization. We also evaluate the recent ChatGPT large language model on a subset of our dataset and find that while ChatGPT produces convincing reasoning abilities, the answers are often incorrect.
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Point-of-Care Ultrasound (POCUS) refers to clinician-performed and interpreted ultrasonography at the patient's bedside. Interpreting these images requires a high level of expertise, which may not be available during emergencies. In this paper, we support POCUS by developing classifiers that can aid medical professionals by diagnosing whether or not a patient has pneumothorax. We decomposed the task into multiple steps, using YOLOv4 to extract relevant regions of the video and a 3D sparse coding model to represent video features. Given the difficulty in acquiring positive training videos, we trained a small-data classifier with a maximum of 15 positive and 32 negative examples. To counteract this limitation, we leveraged subject matter expert (SME) knowledge to limit the hypothesis space, thus reducing the cost of data collection. We present results using two lung ultrasound datasets and demonstrate that our model is capable of achieving performance on par with SMEs in pneumothorax identification. We then developed an iOS application that runs our full system in less than 4 seconds on an iPad Pro, and less than 8 seconds on an iPhone 13 Pro, labeling key regions in the lung sonogram to provide interpretable diagnoses.
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In this paper, we study the implementation of a model predictive controller (MPC) for the task of object manipulation in a highly uncertain environment (e.g., picking objects from a semi-flexible array of densely packed bins). As a real-time perception-driven feedback controller, MPC is robust to the uncertainties in this environment. However, our experiment shows MPC cannot control a robot to complete a sequence of motions in a heavily occluded environment due to its myopic nature. It will benefit from adding a high-level policy that adaptively adjusts the optimization problem for MPC.
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We present a Quality-Diversity benchmark suite for Deep Neuroevolution in Reinforcement Learning domains for robot control. The suite includes the definition of tasks, environments, behavioral descriptors, and fitness. We specify different benchmarks based on the complexity of both the task and the agent controlled by a deep neural network. The benchmark uses standard Quality-Diversity metrics, including coverage, QD-score, maximum fitness, and an archive profile metric to quantify the relation between coverage and fitness. We also present how to quantify the robustness of the solutions with respect to environmental stochasticity by introducing corrected versions of the same metrics. We believe that our benchmark is a valuable tool for the community to compare and improve their findings. The source code is available online: https://github.com/adaptive-intelligent-robotics/QDax
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赤道等离子体气泡(EPB)是低密度血浆的羽毛,它们从F层的底部升至Exosphere。 EPB是无线电波闪烁的已知原因,可以降低与航天器的通信。我们构建了一个随机的森林回归剂,以预测和预测IBI处理器在船上检测到的EPB [0-1]的可能性。我们使用从2014年到2021年的8年群数据,并将数据从时间序列转换为5维空间,该空间包括纬度,经度,MLT,年份和年度。我们还增加了KP,F10.7厘米和太阳风速。关于地理位置,当地时间,季节和太阳活动的EPB的观察主要与现有工作一致,而链接的地磁活动尚不清楚。该预测的精度为88%,并且在EPB特异性时空尺度上的性能很好。这证明了XGBoost方法能够成功捕获群EPB的气候和每日变异性。由于电离层内的局部和随机特征,捕获每日方差长期以来一直逃避研究人员。我们利用Shapley值来解释该模型并深入了解EPB的物理学。我们发现,随着太阳能速度的增加,EPB的概率降低。我们还确定了EPB概率周围的尖峰。这两个见解直接源自XGBoost和Shapley技术。
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与标准动态范围(SDR)视频相比,高动态范围(HDR)视频可以代表更大的亮度和色彩范围,并且正迅速成为行业标准。与传统SDR视频相比,HDR视频具有更具挑战性的捕获,传输和显示要求。凭借其更大的深度,高级的电流传输功能以及更广泛的颜色范围,因此需要专门设计用于预测HDR视频质量的视频质量算法。为此,我们介绍了HDR视频的首次公开发布的大规模主观研究。我们研究扭曲的影响,例如压缩和混叠对HDR视频质量的影响。我们还通过在黑暗实验室环境和更明亮的客厅环境中进行研究来研究环境照明对HDR视频感知质量的影响。总共有66名受试者参加了这项研究,并收集了20,000多个意见分数,这使得这成为有史以来最大的HDR视频质量研究。我们预计,该数据集将成为研究人员为HDR视频开发更好的感知质量模型的宝贵资源。
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我们建议并探讨可以将语言模型作为社会科学研究中特定人类亚人群的有效代理进行研究的可能性。人工智能工具的实践和研究应用有时受到有问题的偏见(例如种族主义或性别歧视)的限制,这些偏见通常被视为模型的统一特性。我们表明,一个这样的工具中的“算法偏见”(GPT-3语言模型)既是细粒度又是人口统计相关的,这意味着适当的条件会导致其准确地仿真来自各种人类的响应分布亚组。我们将此属性称为“算法忠诚度”,并在GPT-3中探索其范围。我们通过将模型调节在美国进行的多项大型调查中的数千个社会人口统计背景故事中调节,从而创建“硅样本”。然后,我们比较硅和人类样品,以证明GPT-3中包含的信息远远超出了表面相似性。它是细微的,多方面的,并反映了特征人类态度的思想,态度和社会文化背景之间的复杂相互作用。我们建议,具有足够算法的忠诚度的语言模型构成了一种新颖而有力的工具,可以促进各种学科的人类和社会的理解。
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该手稿解决了预测出院后全因住院再入院或死亡的同时问题,并量化放电放置在防止这些不良事件中的影响。为此,我们开发了一个固有的可解释的多级贝叶斯建模框架,该框架灵感来自重新激活的深神经网络的分段线性。在生存模型中,我们明确调整了混淆,以量化局部平均治疗效果以进行放电的干预措施。从2008年和2011年开始,我们对5%的Medicare受益人样本进行了培训,然后在2012年的索赔中测试了该模型。该模型对30天全因素外的再选中(使用官方CMS方法定义)的分类精度进行了评估,该模型对XGBoost,Logistic回归(功能工程后)和对同一数据进行训练的贝叶斯深神经网络的执行方式相似。该模型对30天的分类任务进行了预测的30天分类任务,该任务是使用剩下的未来数据进行测试,该模型的AUROC约为0.76,AUPRC约为0.50(相对于测试数据中的总体阳性速率),AUPRC的AUPRC达到了约0.76,而AUPRC的AUPRC则达到了AUPRC,则获得了AUPRC。证明人们不需要为准确性而牺牲可解释性。此外,该模型的测试AUROC为0.78,分类为90天全因素外再入院或死亡。我们很容易地凝视着我们固有的可解释模型,总结了其主要发现。此外,我们演示了Black-box Perthoc解释器工具的形状如何生成不受拟合模型支持的解释 - 如果以面值为单位,则没有提供足够的上下文来使模型可操作。
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我们提出了Blenderbot 3,这是一个175B参数对话模型,能够通过访问Internet和长期内存进行开放域对话,并接受了大量用户定义的任务的培训。我们同时发布了模型权重和代码,还将模型部署在公共网页上,以与有机用户进行交互。该技术报告描述了该模型的构建方式(建筑,模型和培训计划)以及其部署的细节,包括安全机制。人类评估表明,它优于现有的开放域对话代理,包括其前身(Roller等,2021; Komeili等,2022)。最后,我们使用部署收集的数据详细介绍了持续学习的计划,该数据也将公开发布。因此,该研究计划的目标是使社区能够研究通过互动学习的不断改进的负责任的代理商。
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